Setup

Before we start writing code, we will need to setup your computer for this tutorial.

Prerequisites

The tutorial is designed to be completed by anyone with basic familiarity with Rust, and little to no familiarity with the Polkadot SDK.

If you do not feel comfortable with the level of Rust used in this tutorial, we recommend you first check out the rust-state-machine tutorial.

The goal of this tutorial is to create a custom Polkadot SDK Pallet that acts as an NFT Marketplace. Our NFTs will represent kitties, which will be a digital pets that can be created, traded, and more.

This Pallet could then be included into a Polkadot SDK blockchain and used to launch a Web3 application on the Polkadot Network.

TODO: need to create and link to a tutorial creating and launching a custom runtime with omninode.

Tutorial Structure

This tutorial is broken up into small steps with documentation and code.

Documentation should teach you all the concepts needed to complete the tutorial, while the code will ensure that you can actually execute on the knowledge gained.

The code in each step should have comments marked TODO, which indicate the actions you need to take in order to complete the step successfully.

At each step, we include a diff view so that you can see what has changed from the last step (new action items), and what should change to complete the step (the solution).

At the end of each step, you should be able to run all the following commands without any errors or warnings on the latest version of Rust (rustup update):

cargo +nightly fmt
cargo +nightly clippy
cargo test

We recommend you run these during each step in the tutorial to confirm you are doing everything correctly.

Tests

Included in this project is a tests.rs file which is run when you execute cargo test.

As we build out the project, we will include more tests to verify your logic is working as expected.

This tutorial does not really go into details about writing tests for Pallets, but it is something you probably can learn and understand by looking at the tests included here.

You are welcome to dive deeper into the included tests provided by the solution, or you can feel free to just copy and paste the latest tests.rs file into your project and make sure that everything is passing.

At some points in the tutorial, we will make breaking changes to our pallet, for example updating types, structure, or function signatures.

Remember to update your tests for those step, otherwise they will incorrectly report that you have a bug in your code.

Starting Template

The template for this project is a minimal starting point for developing a custom Pallet with a little bit of starting code.

Clone

The best way to follow this tutorial is to clone the starting template, and follow the steps of the tutorial locally.

Run the following:

git clone https://github.com/shawntabrizi/substrate-collectables-workshop/ -b starting-template --single-branch
cd substrate-collectables-workshop

Or access the template directly here:

https://github.com/shawntabrizi/substrate-collectables-workshop/releases/tag/starting-template

Install

The starting template includes a README with instructions to setup your working environment. Follow those instructions.

Make sure your rust compiler is up to date with rustup update.

Then, make sure you are able to run the following checks on this starting template without warnings or errors:

cargo +nightly fmt
cargo +nightly clippy
cargo test

It may take a while for this to complete based on how powerful your computer is.

Feel free to move onto the next steps while these checks are compiling.

Contribute

This tutorial is completely free to use, modify, and distribute in any way you see fit.

If you catch any problems with the tutorial or have ideas on how it can be improved, open an issue or a pull request.

[package]
name = "pallet-kitties"
version = "0.1.0"
description = "An NFT Marketplace for Kitties"
authors = ["Shawn Tabrizi <shawntabrizi@gmail.com>"]
homepage = "https://www.shawntabrizi.com/substrate-collectables-workshop/"
repository = "https://github.com/shawntabrizi/substrate-collectables-workshop"
edition = "2021"
publish = false

[package.metadata.docs.rs]
targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]

[dependencies]
codec = { package = "parity-scale-codec", version = "3.6.12", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
scale-info = { version = "2.11.1", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
frame = { version = "0.7.0", package = "polkadot-sdk-frame", default-features = false, features = ["experimental", "runtime"] }

[dev-dependencies]
frame-system = { version = "38.0.0" }
pallet-balances = { version = "39.0.0" }

[features]
default = [ "std" ]
std = [ "codec/std", "frame/std", "scale-info/std" ]
try-runtime = []

# Basic
edition = "2021"
hard_tabs = true
max_width = 100
use_small_heuristics = "Max"
# Imports
imports_granularity = "Item"
reorder_imports = true
# Consistency
newline_style = "Unix"
# Misc
chain_width = 80
spaces_around_ranges = false
binop_separator = "Back"
reorder_impl_items = false
match_arm_leading_pipes = "Preserve"
match_arm_blocks = false
match_block_trailing_comma = true
trailing_comma = "Vertical"
trailing_semicolon = false
use_field_init_shorthand = true
# Format comments
comment_width = 100
wrap_comments = true

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
use super::*;
use frame::prelude::*;

impl<T: Config> Pallet<T> {
	pub fn mint(owner: T::AccountId) -> DispatchResult {
		Self::deposit_event(Event::<T>::Created { owner });
		Ok(())
	}
}
}

#![allow(unused)]
#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]

fn main() {
mod impls;
mod tests;

use frame::prelude::*;
pub use pallet::*;

#[frame::pallet(dev_mode)]
pub mod pallet {
	use super::*;

	#[pallet::pallet]
	pub struct Pallet<T>(core::marker::PhantomData<T>);

	#[pallet::config]
	pub trait Config: frame_system::Config {
		type RuntimeEvent: From<Event<Self>> + IsType<<Self as frame_system::Config>::RuntimeEvent>;
	}

	#[pallet::event]
	#[pallet::generate_deposit(pub(super) fn deposit_event)]
	pub enum Event<T: Config> {
		Created { owner: T::AccountId },
	}

	#[pallet::error]
	pub enum Error<T> {}

	#[pallet::call]
	impl<T: Config> Pallet<T> {
		pub fn create_kitty(origin: OriginFor<T>) -> DispatchResult {
			let who = ensure_signed(origin)?;
			Self::mint(who)?;
			Ok(())
		}
	}
}
}

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
// Tests for the Kitties Pallet.
//
// Normally this file would be split into two parts: `mock.rs` and `tests.rs`.
// The `mock.rs` file would contain all the setup code for our `TestRuntime`.
// Then `tests.rs` would only have the tests for our pallet.
// However, to minimize the project, these have been combined into this single file.
//
// Learn more about creating tests for Pallets:
// https://paritytech.github.io/polkadot-sdk/master/polkadot_sdk_docs/guides/your_first_pallet/index.html

// This flag tells rust to only run this file when running `cargo test`.
#![cfg(test)]

use crate as pallet_kitties;
use crate::*;
use frame::deps::sp_io;
use frame::runtime::prelude::*;
use frame::testing_prelude::*;
use frame::traits::fungible::*;

type Balance = u64;
type Block = frame_system::mocking::MockBlock<TestRuntime>;

// In our "test runtime", we represent a user `AccountId` with a `u64`.
// This is just a simplification so that we don't need to generate a bunch of proper cryptographic
// public keys when writing tests. It is just easier to say "user 1 transfers to user 2".
// We create the constants `ALICE` and `BOB` to make it clear when we are representing users below.
const ALICE: u64 = 1;
const BOB: u64 = 2;

// Our blockchain tests only need 3 Pallets:
// 1. System: Which is included with every FRAME runtime.
// 2. PalletBalances: Which is manages your blockchain's native currency. (i.e. DOT on Polkadot)
// 3. PalletKitties: The pallet you are building in this tutorial!
construct_runtime! {
	pub struct TestRuntime {
		System: frame_system,
		PalletBalances: pallet_balances,
		PalletKitties: pallet_kitties,
	}
}

// Normally `System` would have many more configurations, but you can see that we use some macro
// magic to automatically configure most of the pallet for a "default test configuration".
#[derive_impl(frame_system::config_preludes::TestDefaultConfig)]
impl frame_system::Config for TestRuntime {
	type Block = Block;
	type AccountData = pallet_balances::AccountData<Balance>;
}

// Normally `pallet_balances` would have many more configurations, but you can see that we use some
// macro magic to automatically configure most of the pallet for a "default test configuration".
#[derive_impl(pallet_balances::config_preludes::TestDefaultConfig)]
impl pallet_balances::Config for TestRuntime {
	type AccountStore = System;
	type Balance = Balance;
}

// This is the configuration of our Pallet! If you make changes to the pallet's `trait Config`, you
// will also need to update this configuration to represent that.
impl pallet_kitties::Config for TestRuntime {
	type RuntimeEvent = RuntimeEvent;
}

// We need to run most of our tests using this function: `new_test_ext().execute_with(|| { ... });`
// It simulates the blockchain database backend for our tests.
// If you forget to include this and try to access your Pallet storage, you will get an error like:
// "`get_version_1` called outside of an Externalities-provided environment."
pub fn new_test_ext() -> sp_io::TestExternalities {
	frame_system::GenesisConfig::<TestRuntime>::default()
		.build_storage()
		.unwrap()
		.into()
}

#[test]
fn starting_template_is_sane() {
	new_test_ext().execute_with(|| {
		let event = Event::<TestRuntime>::Created { owner: ALICE };
		let _runtime_event: RuntimeEvent = event.into();
		let _call = Call::<TestRuntime>::create_kitty {};
		let result = PalletKitties::create_kitty(RuntimeOrigin::signed(BOB));
		assert_ok!(result);
	});
}

#[test]
fn system_and_balances_work() {
	// This test will just sanity check that we can access `System` and `PalletBalances`.
	new_test_ext().execute_with(|| {
		// We often need to set `System` to block 1 so that we can see events.
		System::set_block_number(1);
		// We often need to add some balance to a user to test features which needs tokens.
		assert_ok!(PalletBalances::mint_into(&ALICE, 100));
		assert_ok!(PalletBalances::mint_into(&BOB, 100));
	});
}
}

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diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..293d4f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+[package]
+name = "pallet-kitties"
+version = "0.1.0"
+description = "An NFT Marketplace for Kitties"
+authors = ["Shawn Tabrizi <shawntabrizi@gmail.com>"]
+homepage = "https://www.shawntabrizi.com/substrate-collectables-workshop/"
+repository = "https://github.com/shawntabrizi/substrate-collectables-workshop"
+edition = "2021"
+publish = false
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
+
+[dependencies]
+codec = { package = "parity-scale-codec", version = "3.6.12", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
+scale-info = { version = "2.11.1", default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
+frame = { version = "0.7.0", package = "polkadot-sdk-frame", default-features = false, features = ["experimental", "runtime"] }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+frame-system = { version = "38.0.0" }
+pallet-balances = { version = "39.0.0" }
+
+[features]
+default = [ "std" ]
+std = [ "codec/std", "frame/std", "scale-info/std" ]
+try-runtime = []
diff --git a/rustfmt.toml b/rustfmt.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf9aa25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rustfmt.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Basic
+edition = "2021"
+hard_tabs = true
+max_width = 100
+use_small_heuristics = "Max"
+# Imports
+imports_granularity = "Item"
+reorder_imports = true
+# Consistency
+newline_style = "Unix"
+# Misc
+chain_width = 80
+spaces_around_ranges = false
+binop_separator = "Back"
+reorder_impl_items = false
+match_arm_leading_pipes = "Preserve"
+match_arm_blocks = false
+match_block_trailing_comma = true
+trailing_comma = "Vertical"
+trailing_semicolon = false
+use_field_init_shorthand = true
+# Format comments
+comment_width = 100
+wrap_comments = true
diff --git a/src/impls.rs b/src/impls.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03abf99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/impls.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+use super::*;
+use frame::prelude::*;
+
+impl<T: Config> Pallet<T> {
+	pub fn mint(owner: T::AccountId) -> DispatchResult {
+		Self::deposit_event(Event::<T>::Created { owner });
+		Ok(())
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae8a09b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]
+
+mod impls;
+mod tests;
+
+use frame::prelude::*;
+pub use pallet::*;
+
+#[frame::pallet(dev_mode)]
+pub mod pallet {
+	use super::*;
+
+	#[pallet::pallet]
+	pub struct Pallet<T>(core::marker::PhantomData<T>);
+
+	#[pallet::config]
+	pub trait Config: frame_system::Config {
+		type RuntimeEvent: From<Event<Self>> + IsType<<Self as frame_system::Config>::RuntimeEvent>;
+	}
+
+	#[pallet::event]
+	#[pallet::generate_deposit(pub(super) fn deposit_event)]
+	pub enum Event<T: Config> {
+		Created { owner: T::AccountId },
+	}
+
+	#[pallet::error]
+	pub enum Error<T> {}
+
+	#[pallet::call]
+	impl<T: Config> Pallet<T> {
+		pub fn create_kitty(origin: OriginFor<T>) -> DispatchResult {
+			let who = ensure_signed(origin)?;
+			Self::mint(who)?;
+			Ok(())
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/src/tests.rs b/src/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0901674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Tests for the Kitties Pallet.
+//
+// Normally this file would be split into two parts: `mock.rs` and `tests.rs`.
+// The `mock.rs` file would contain all the setup code for our `TestRuntime`.
+// Then `tests.rs` would only have the tests for our pallet.
+// However, to minimize the project, these have been combined into this single file.
+//
+// Learn more about creating tests for Pallets:
+// https://paritytech.github.io/polkadot-sdk/master/polkadot_sdk_docs/guides/your_first_pallet/index.html
+
+// This flag tells rust to only run this file when running `cargo test`.
+#![cfg(test)]
+
+use crate as pallet_kitties;
+use crate::*;
+use frame::deps::sp_io;
+use frame::runtime::prelude::*;
+use frame::testing_prelude::*;
+use frame::traits::fungible::*;
+
+type Balance = u64;
+type Block = frame_system::mocking::MockBlock<TestRuntime>;
+
+// In our "test runtime", we represent a user `AccountId` with a `u64`.
+// This is just a simplification so that we don't need to generate a bunch of proper cryptographic
+// public keys when writing tests. It is just easier to say "user 1 transfers to user 2".
+// We create the constants `ALICE` and `BOB` to make it clear when we are representing users below.
+const ALICE: u64 = 1;
+const BOB: u64 = 2;
+
+// Our blockchain tests only need 3 Pallets:
+// 1. System: Which is included with every FRAME runtime.
+// 2. PalletBalances: Which is manages your blockchain's native currency. (i.e. DOT on Polkadot)
+// 3. PalletKitties: The pallet you are building in this tutorial!
+construct_runtime! {
+	pub struct TestRuntime {
+		System: frame_system,
+		PalletBalances: pallet_balances,
+		PalletKitties: pallet_kitties,
+	}
+}
+
+// Normally `System` would have many more configurations, but you can see that we use some macro
+// magic to automatically configure most of the pallet for a "default test configuration".
+#[derive_impl(frame_system::config_preludes::TestDefaultConfig)]
+impl frame_system::Config for TestRuntime {
+	type Block = Block;
+	type AccountData = pallet_balances::AccountData<Balance>;
+}
+
+// Normally `pallet_balances` would have many more configurations, but you can see that we use some
+// macro magic to automatically configure most of the pallet for a "default test configuration".
+#[derive_impl(pallet_balances::config_preludes::TestDefaultConfig)]
+impl pallet_balances::Config for TestRuntime {
+	type AccountStore = System;
+	type Balance = Balance;
+}
+
+// This is the configuration of our Pallet! If you make changes to the pallet's `trait Config`, you
+// will also need to update this configuration to represent that.
+impl pallet_kitties::Config for TestRuntime {
+	type RuntimeEvent = RuntimeEvent;
+}
+
+// We need to run most of our tests using this function: `new_test_ext().execute_with(|| { ... });`
+// It simulates the blockchain database backend for our tests.
+// If you forget to include this and try to access your Pallet storage, you will get an error like:
+// "`get_version_1` called outside of an Externalities-provided environment."
+pub fn new_test_ext() -> sp_io::TestExternalities {
+	frame_system::GenesisConfig::<TestRuntime>::default()
+		.build_storage()
+		.unwrap()
+		.into()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn starting_template_is_sane() {
+	new_test_ext().execute_with(|| {
+		let event = Event::<TestRuntime>::Created { owner: ALICE };
+		let _runtime_event: RuntimeEvent = event.into();
+		let _call = Call::<TestRuntime>::create_kitty {};
+		let result = PalletKitties::create_kitty(RuntimeOrigin::signed(BOB));
+		assert_ok!(result);
+	});
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn system_and_balances_work() {
+	// This test will just sanity check that we can access `System` and `PalletBalances`.
+	new_test_ext().execute_with(|| {
+		// We often need to set `System` to block 1 so that we can see events.
+		System::set_block_number(1);
+		// We often need to add some balance to a user to test features which needs tokens.
+		assert_ok!(PalletBalances::mint_into(&ALICE, 100));
+		assert_ok!(PalletBalances::mint_into(&BOB, 100));
+	});
+}

Substrate Collectables Workshop